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The Treaty of Warsaw (also the Polish-Ukrainian or Petlura-Piłsudski Alliance or Agreement) of April 1920 was a military-economical alliance between the Second Polish Republic, represented by Józef Piłsudski, and the Ukrainian People's Republic, represented by Symon Petlura, against Bolshevik Russia. The treaty was signed on 21 April 1920, with a military addendum on 24 April. The alliance was signed during the Polish-Soviet War, just before the Polish Kiev Offensive. Piłsudski was looking for allies against the Bolsheviks and hoped to create a ''Międzymorze'' alliance; Petlura saw the alliance as the last chance to create an independent Ukraine. The treaty had no permanent impact. The Polish-Soviet War continued and the territories in question were distributed between Russia and Poland in accordance with the 1921 Peace of Riga. Ukrainian territories were split between the Ukrainian SSR in the east and Poland in the west (Galicia and part of Volhynia). ==Background== The Polish leader Józef Piłsudski was trying to create a Poland-led alliance of East European countries, the Międzymorze federation, designed to strengthen Poland and her neighbors at the expense of Tsarist Russia, and later of the Russian SFSR and the Soviet Union.〔''"Although the Polish premier and many of his associates sincerely wanted peace, other important Polish leaders did not. Josef Pilsudski, chief of state and creator of Polish army, was foremost among the latter. Pilsudski hoped to build not merely a Polish nation state but a greater federation of peoples under the aegis of Poland which would replace Russia as the great power of Eastern Europe. Lithuania, Belorussia and Ukraine were all to be included. His plan called for a truncated and vastly reduced Russia, a plan which excluded negotiations prior to military victory."'' Richard K Debo, '' Survival and Consolidation: The Foreign Policy of Soviet Russia, 1918-192'', (Google Print, p. 59 ), McGill-Queen's Press, 1992, ISBN 0-7735-0828-7.〕〔''"Pilsudski's program for a federation of independent states centered on Poland; in opposing the imperial power of both Russia and Germany it was in many ways a throwback to the romantic Mazzinian nationalism of Young Poland in the early nineteenth century. But his slow consolidation of dictatorial power betrayed the democratic substance of those earlier visions of national revolution as the path to human liberation"'' James H. Billington, (''Fire in the Minds of Men'' ), p. 432, Transaction Publishers, ISBN 0-7658-0471-9〕 His plan was however plagued with setbacks, as some of his planned allies refused to cooperate with Poland, and others, while more sympathetic, preferred to avoid conflict with the Bolsheviks.〔 But in April 1920, from a military standpoint, Polish army needed to strike at the Soviets, to disrupt their plans for an offensive of their own.〔 Piłsudski also wanted an independent Ukraine to be a buffer between Poland and Russia rather than seeing Ukraine again dominated by Russia right at the Polish border.〔 Piłsudski, who argued that "There can be no independent Poland without an independent Ukraine", may have been more interested in Ukraine being split from Russia than he was in Ukrainians' welfare.〔"The newly founded Polish state cared much more about the expansion of its borders to the east and southeast ("between the seas") than about helping the dying () state of which Petlura was ''de facto'' dictator. ("A Belated Idealist." ''Zerkalo Nedeli'' (Mirror Weekly), May 22–28, 2004. Available online (in Russian ) and (in Ukrainian ).) Piłsudski is quoted to have said: ''"After the Polish independence we will see about Poland's size".'' (ibid)〕 As such, Piłsudski turned to Petlura, whom he originally had not considered high on his planned allies list.〔 A Ukrainian delegation could not gain recognition for Ukraine as an independent state at the Treaty of Versailles at the end of the First World War, and the Ukrainian dream of independence was also plagued with setbacks, with Ukrainian lands becoming a warzone between various local and foreign factions vying for their control. The Ukrainian People's Republic, led by Petlura, suffered mounting attacks on its territory since early 1919, and by April 1920 most of Ukrainian territory was outside its control. In such conditions, Józef Piłsudski had little difficulty in convincing Petlura to join the alliance with Poland despite recent conflict between the two nations that had been settled in favour of Poland the previous year.〔Richard K Debo, ''Survival and Consolidation: The Foreign Policy of Soviet Russia, 1918-1921'', (pp. 210-211 ), McGill-Queen's Press, 1992, ISBN 0-7735-0828-7.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Treaty of Warsaw (1920)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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